Teaching Listening and Speaking

 "Teaching Listening and Speaking"


Listening is a basic skill for different learning processes. It is an active behaviour in contrast to reading which is just a receiving of sound waves. There are three basic steps listening involves: hearing, understanding and judging. Listening has two major intentions, which are to maintain the communicational relation (interactional function) and to impart information (transactional function).
The most important factors of which listening is composed are the knowledge of linguistic structures, the numbers of vowel and consonant phonemes (liaison, elision), rhythm (syllable-timed or stress-timed), intonation, prior knowledge, attention and the short- and long-term memory (Sakuma, 2000).
There are three different stages of teaching listening: pre-listening, while-listening and post-listening. Pre-listening means that the teacher makes the students aware of a situation and activates their prior knowledge. While-listening means that the teacher gives the students visual support or guiding questions beforehand. Post-listening is the stage where the students become active and work with what they had heard. Listening needs to be taught with interest, variation and motivation.
There are five characteristics of listening situations: the informal spoken discourse, listener expectation and purpose, looking as well as listening, ongoing purposeful listener response and speaker attention.
  • The informal spoken discourse means that most of the conversations are spontaneous and therefore informal. There are various features informal speech has. One is called the brevity of “chunks” and denotes that conversations are usually broken into short chunks because people take turns. Pronunciation is another important aspect because it is often different from the phonological representation given in a dictionary (e.g. can’t versus cannot). In addition to that vocabulary is often colloquial (e.g. kid versus child) and informal speech is somehow ungrammatical. Because we usually comprehend less than 100 per cent of what is being said a certain amount of noise is meaningless noise. Redundancy includes repetition, paraphrase or the use of fillers like well, eh. The last feature is non-repetition. The discourse will not be repeated unless you request for repetition.
  • Listener expectation and purpose denote that the listener knows in advance what is going to be said and expects to hear relevant things in a conversation.
  • Looking as well as listening indicates that we usually do have something to look at which is linked to the topic and can be the speaker, a map or a picture. Only a small proportion of listening is done without looking (blind) like listening to the radio or talking to someone on the telephone.
  • Ongoing, purposeful listener response means that we normally respond at intervals to show that we, as a speaker, are still listening and comprehend what is being said.
  • The speaker attention is the last characteristic of listening situations and says that a speech is usually directed at the listener and the listener’s character and intentions will be taken into account.




Komentar

Posting Komentar

Postingan populer dari blog ini

Research in the primary English classroom

Gambar
https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/106535/penelitian-tindakan-kelas-pembelajaran-bahasa-inggris  Research in the primary English classroom Classroom Action Research (CAR) for English Learning aims at discovering learning-teaching strategies that match learners style and strategies in learning English. CAR may be done in several cycles each of which is repeated in the next cycle if the result is not satisfactory yet with the better revised lesson plan. Each cycle begins with planning, implementing the plan, observing the implementation, and reflecting or evaluating the process and the result of the implementation. The result of the reflection determines the next cycle.  Research activities basically include 4 stages, namely   Observation,  Description,  Analysis, and Explanation.  The observation stage is the stage of collecting data that can be done in various forms according to the nature of the observed data, including interviews, filling out questionnaires, observation, test, id
Baca selengkapnya

Learning to Learn

Gambar
 Learning to Learn ' Learning to learn ' is the ability to pursue and persist in  learning , to organise one's own  learning , including through effective management of time and information, both individually and in groups.  It’s hard to learn everything, but it’s expected. Teachers want their students to be the very best in everything they teach.  Learning strategies using the ANSWER method 1. A - Ask, explain and connect When your students have their notes and textbooks in front of them, they should use this learning method. The “ask, explain and connect strategy” lets your students ask themselves questions about  how and why things work . Then they find the answers in their class material. Students have to try to explain and describe ideas with as many details as they can and then connect ideas to their daily life and experiences. This helps the student to understand and explain what they are learning and connect with what they already know. It helps them to organize the
Baca selengkapnya